Oregon Historic Sites Database

Search Menu

Site Information small logo

Oregon Historic Sites Database

address: historic name:African American Resources in Portland, Oregon from 1851 to 1973 MPD
Portland, Multnomah County current/other names:Black Historic Resources
assoc addresses:
block/lot/tax lot:
location descr: twnshp/rng/sect/qtr sect:
resource type:mpd height (stories): total elig resources: total inelig resources:
elig evaluation: eligible/significant NR Status: Listed MPD
prim constr date:c. second date: date indiv listed:07/01/2020
primary orig use: orig use comments:
second orig use:
primary style: prim style comments:
secondary style: sec style comments:
primary siding: siding comments:
secondary siding:
plan type: architect:
builder:
comments/notes:
Survey/Grouping Included In: Type of Grouping Date Listed Date Compiled
   African American Resources in Portland, Oregon from 1851 to 1973 MPS 07/01/2020 2020
NR date listed: 07/01/2020
ILS survey date:
RLS survey date:
106 Project(s): None
Special Assess Project(s): None
Federal Tax Project(s): None
(Includes expanded description of the building/property, setting, significant landscape features, outbuildings and alterations)
Refer to scanned documents links.
(Chronological, descriptive history of the property from its construction through at least the historic period - preferably to the present)
Refer to scanned documents links.
Title Records Census Records Property Tax Records Local Histories
Sanborn Maps Biographical Sources SHPO Files Interviews
Obituaries Newspapers State Archives Historic Photographs
City Directories Building Permits State Library
Local Library: University Library:
Historical Society: Other Respository:
Bibliography:
Books, Articles, and Web Sources Abbott, Carl. The Great Extravaganza: Portland and the Lewis and Clark Exposition. Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society Press, 2004. Abbott, Carl. Greater Portland: Urban Life and Landscape in Pacific Northwest. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. Abbott, Carl. “Lewis and Clark Centennial and American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair.” The Oregon History Project. Last modified 2014. https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/lewis-and-clark-centennial-and-american-pacific-exposition-and-oriental-fair/#.Xbp1KC-ZPVo. Abbott, Carl. “Lewis and Clark Exposition.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified March 17, 2018. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/lewis_clark_exposition/#.Xeg6_XdFyhc. Abbott, Carl. Portland: Planning, Politics, and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1983. Abbott, Carl. Settlement Patterns in the Portland Region: A Historical Overview. Portland, OR: Metro Future Vision Commission, 1994. Abbott, Carl. “Vanport.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified March 17, 2018. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/vanport/#.WrA-dujwaUk. “About Us.” Alberta Abbey. Accessed June 18, 2019. https://www.albertaabbey.org/about-us/. “About Us.” Leisure Hour Golf Club. Accessed December 10, 2019. http://leisurehourgolf.org/lhg/about-us/. Ackerman, Lauren. “Albina, Portland, Oregon (1870- ).” Black Past. March 19, 2016. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/albina-portland-1870/. “Alberta Abbey Landmark Designation.” Case File LU 18-263653 HL, EA # 18-210168 PC. Portland, OR: City of Portland Bureau of Development Services, January 7, 2019. Albina Neighborhood Improvement Project. Albina Neighborhood Improvement Project, Portland, Oregon. Portland, OR: Albina Neighborhood Improvement Project, 1962. Allen, Frederick Lewis. Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the 1920s. New York: Open Road Integrated Media, 2015. Allen, Steve, and Robert J. Thompson. “Television in the United States.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. Last modified July 1, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/art/television-in-the-United-States. “American Religion: African Methodist Episcopal Church.” The Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed November 11, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-Methodist-Episcopal-Church. “American Religion: African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.” The Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed November 11, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-Methodist-Episcopal-Zion-Church. Baldasty, Gerald J. and Mark E. Lapointe. “The Press and the African-American Community: The Role of the ‘Northwest Enterprise’ in the 1930s.” The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 94, no. 1 (Winter 2002/2003): 14-26. Ballestrem, Val. “Mount Hood Freeway.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified March 1. 2019, https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/mt__hood_freeway/#.XaLL3i-ZPow. Basu-Zharku, Iulia O. “Slavery and Religion in the Antebellum South.” Inquiries 3, no. 1 (2011): http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/372/slavery-and-religion-in-the-antebellum-south. Batchelor, Bob. American Popular Culture through History: The 1900s. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002. Benbow, Mark E. “Birth of a Quotation: Woodrow Wilson and ‘Like Writing History with Lightning.’” The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 9, no. 4, (October 2010): 509-533. Binus, Joshua. “Fair Housing in Oregon Study.” The Oregon History Project. Last modified March 17, 2018. https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/fair-housing-in-oregon-study/#.XOYrAi3Mxdg. Binus, Joshua. “National Association of Real Estate Boards Code of Ethics.” The Oregon History Project. Last modified March 17, 2018. https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/nareb-code-of-ethics/#.Xbvj6C-ZOlM. Blackford, Mansel G. The Lost Dream: Businessmen and City Planning on the Pacific Coast, 1890-1920. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1993. Blee, Lisa. “Completing Lewis and Clark’s Westward March: Exhibiting a History of Empire at the 1905 Portland World’s Fair.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 106, no. 2 (Summer 2005): 232-253. Boles, John B. Masters and Slaves in the House of the Lord: Race and Religion in the American South, 1740-1870. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1988. Bordman, Gerald. American Musical Theater: A Chronicle. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001. Bosco-Milligan Foundation Cornerstones of Community: Buildings of Portland’s African American History, Revised and Expanded. Portland, OR: self-published, 1998. Boyd, Robert Thomas. People of the Dalles: The Indians of Wascopam Mission. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1996. Brooks, Cheryl A. “The Politics of Forgetting: How Oregon Forgot to Ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.” Journal of Oregon Humanities (Fall/Winter 2006): 48-50. Broussard, Albert. “The Struggles of a Black Attorney in the Urban West.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 89, no. 2 (Summer 1988): 157-179. Bruce, Ben. “The Rise and Fall of the Ku Klux Klan in Oregon during the 1920s.” Voces Novae 11, art. 2 (2019): 1-25. Bryan, Joshua Joe. “Portland, Oregon's Long Hot Summers: Racial Unrest and Public Response, 1967 – 1969.” MA Thesis, Portland State University, 2013. Bundles, A’Lelia. “Madame C.J. Walker: A Brief Biographical Essay.” Madame C. J. Walker. Accessed April 9, 2020. http://madamcjwalker.com/about/. Burell, Raymond III. “The Historic Site of the Billy Webb’s Elks Lodge Hall, Portland, Oregon.” Unpublished, 2019. Butts, Jeannette. “Portland’s Newspaper Wars: How the Oregonian Became a Monopoly.” Public History PDX. January 29, 2017. http://publichistorypdx.org/2017/01/29/portlands-newspaper-wars-oregonian-became-monopoly/. Cahill, Debbie. “Young at Any Age – Ron Herndon.” AARP Oregon. April 7, 2017. https://states.aarp.org/young-at-any-age-ron-herndon/ Cain, Eric, director. Jazz Town. Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting, 2016. Camp, Bayliss J. and Orit Kent. “‘What a Mighty Power We Can Be:’ Individual and Collective Identity in African American and White Fraternal Initiation Rituals.” Social Science History 28, no. 3 (Fall 2004): 439-483. Campbell, Michael. Popular Music in America: And the Beat Goes On. Boston, MA: Schirmer Cengage Learning, 2009. Carey, Charles Henry. History of Oregon. Chicago, IL: The Pioneer Historical Publishing Company, 1922. Carroll, Fred. Race News: Black Journalists and the Fight for Racial Justice in the Twentieth Century. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2017. Carter, Liz. Pioneer Houses and Homesteads of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, 1841-1865. Portland, OR: Historic Preservation League of Oregon, 2013. Casey, Helen Marie. Portland’s Compromise: The Colored School – 1867-1872. Portland, OR: Portland Public Schools Public Information Department, 1980. Chandler, J.D. Hidden History of Portland, Oregon. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2013. Cieslak, Marta. “Abner Hunt Francis (1812?-1872).” Black Past. January 28, 2007. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/francis-abner-hunt-1872/. City Club of Portland. “Report on Urban Renewal in Portland.” Portland City Club Bulletin 336 (July 1971). City of Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability. “City of Portland Urban Services Area.” City of Portland. Accessed November 30, 2019. https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bps/article/51672. Clark, Malcolm Jr. Eden Seekers: The Settlement of Oregon, 1818-1862. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1981. Clarno, Bev. “Echoes of Oregon: Oregon Territorial History.” Oregon State Archives. Accessed September 25, 2019. https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/exhibits/echoes/Pages/history.aspx. Clemens, Vanessa. “Helen Butler Edited.” Transcript of an oral history conducted 2007 by Vanessa Clemens. Union County Oral Histories, Pierce Library, Eastern Oregon University, La Grande, OR. https://library.eou.edu/ohgr/1C4F4E8A-3C05-466A-87FE-079434103630.htm. Collins, Cliff. “A Life of Firsts: Mercedes Deiz Was a Trailblazer by Choice.” Oregon State Bar Bulletin. December 2005. https://www.osbar.org/publications/bulletin/05dec/heritage.html. Collisson, Craig. “Japanese American Wartime Incarceration in Oregon.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified March 17, 2018. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/japanese_internment/#.WrAZ_ujwaUk. “Community Livability Grant (CLG) Program.” Prosper Portland. Accessed November 28, 2019. https://prosperportland.us/portfolio-items/community-livability-grant/. “Compiled Report," Commission on Race Relations of the Portland Council of Churches, 1945, Box 3, Folder 3, Gov. Snell Records, Oregon State Archives, Salem, OR, https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/exhibits/ww2/Documents/life-race1.pdf. Cross, L.D. High Peaks Engineering: Rocky Mountain Marvels. Victoria, BC: Heritage House Publishing Company, 2014. Delgado-Tall, Sonia. “The New Negro Movement and the African Heritage in a Pan-Africanist Perspective.” Journal of Black Studies 31, no. 3 (January 2001): 288-310. Dietsche, Robert. Jumptown: The Golden Years of Portland Jazz, 1942-1957. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 2005. “Digest of City Club Report, The Negro in Portland - July, 1945," Portland City Club Report, 1945, Box 3, Folder 3, Gov. Snell Records, Oregon State Archives, Salem, OR, https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/exhibits/ww2/Documents/life-race3.pdf. Dolin, Eric Jay. Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co., 2010. Douglas, Jesse S. “Origins of the Population of Oregon in 1850.” The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 41, no. 2 (April 1950): 95-108. Dudley, Tessara G. “Disfavored for the Color of Their Skin: Black Women Workers in the World War II Shipyards of Portland and Vancouver.” PSU McNair Scholars Online Journal 13, no. 1 (2019): n.p. Dunbar, Paul Lawrence. “Hidden in Plain Sight: African American Secret Societies and Black Freemasonry.” Journal of African American Studies 16, no. 4 (December 2012): 622-637. Essington, Amy. “Portland Beavers (baseball team).” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified March 17, 2018. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/portland_beavers_baseball_team_/#.XqYFTy-z3Vo. “Executive Order 8802: Prohibition of Discrimination in the Defense Industry,” June 25, 1941, Record Group 11, General Records of the United States Government, National Archives, Washington, D.C., https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/?dod-date=625. Fackler, Eliot Henry. “Protesting Portland’s Freeways: Highway Engineering and Citizen Activism in the Interstate Area.” MA Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. Feuerherd, Peter. “The Strange History of Masons in America.” JSTOR Daily. August 3, 2017. https://daily.jstor.org/the-strange-history-of-masons-in-america/. “The Fireside Chats: Roosevelt’s Radio Talks.” The White House Historical Association. Accessed April 25. https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-fireside-chats-roosevelts-radio-talks. Flores, Trudy, and Sarah Griffith. “Albina Riot, 1967.” The Oregon History Project. Last modified 2018. https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/albina-riot-1967/#.XfFX325FyUk. Foner, Philip S. and Ronald L. Lewis. The Black Worker, Volume 7: The Black Worker from the Founding of the CIO to the AFL-CIO Merger, 1936-1955. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1983. Fonseca, Stan. “William McClendon (1915-1996).” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified March 17, 2018. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/mcclendon_william/#.XY-sAndFxPY. Franey, Kerrie. “Early Densification in an Urban Center: Portland, Oregon and the War Code Housing Program.” Terminal project, University of Oregon, 2019. “George Baker.” The Oregon History Project. Last modified September 19, 2019. https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/biographies/george-baker-biography/#.Xds7VC-ZOt8. Gibson, Campbell and Kay Jung. Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, for Large Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005. Gibson, Campbell and Kay Jung. Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, 2002. Gibson, Karen. “Bleeding Albina: A History of Community Disinvestment, 1940-2000.” Transforming Anthropology 15, no. 1 (2007): 3-25. Gies, Martha. “Black Panthers in Portland.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified March 17, 2018. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/black_panthers_in_portland/#.WrQNSojwaUk. Gies, Martha. “Historic Elks Lodge Grateful for Volunteers.” Eliot Neighborhood Association. July 21, 2009. https://eliotneighborhood.org/2009/07/21/historic-elks-lodge-grateful-for-volunteers/. Gies, Martha. “Profile: Paul and Geneva Knauls.” Eliot News (Portland, OR). Summer 2003. Reproduced at http://marthagies.com/portlandhistory/paul-geneva-knauls/ Gill, Tiffany M. Beauty Shop Politics: African American Women’s Activism in the Beauty Industry. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2010. Gill, Tiffany M. “Civic Beauty: Beauty Culturists and the Politics of African American Entrepreneurship, 1900-1965.” Enterprise & Society 5, no. 4 (December 2004): 583-593. Gordon, Linda. “Black and White Visions of Welfare: Women’s Welfare Activism, 1890-1945.” The Journal of American History 78, no. 2 (September 1991): 559-590. Gragg, Randy. “The Visionary Parks Designer Who Transformed Portland.” Portland Monthly. November 23, 2015. https://www.pdxmonthly.com/news-and-city-life/2015/11/the-visionary-parks-designer-who-transformed-portland. Greer, James L. “Historic Home Mortgage Redlining in Chicago.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1998-) 107, no. 2 (Summer 2014): 204-233. Griffith, Sarah. “Vanport Residences, 1947.” Oregon History Project. Last modified 2002. https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/vanport-residences-1947/#.XdoohS-ZOb8. Gross, Terry. “A ‘Forgotten History’ of How the U.S. Government Segregated America.” National Public Radio. May 3, 2017. https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526655831/a-forgotten-history-of-how-the-u-s-government-segregated-america. Harper, Will, Clyde Dixon, Jean M. Hester, Mary Jane Melink, and Kimberly S. Moreland. “Historic Resources and the Albina Community Plan.” Report, Portland State University Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 1990. Hardt, H.B. Official Catalogue to the Lewis and Clark Exposition. Portland, OR: no publisher, 1905. Harris, Robert L. Jr. “Early Black Benevolent Societies, 1780-1830.” The Massachusetts Review 20, no. 3 (Autumn 1979): 603-625. Harrison, James. “Richard ‘Dick’ Bogle (1930-2010).” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified November 15, 2019. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/bogle_dick_1930_2010/#.XpNaT5llBPa. Hawkins, Kenneth. “Abner Hunt ‘A.H.’ Francis (c. 1812-1872) and Isaac ‘I.B.’ Francis (1798-1856).” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified March 9, 2020. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/francis-abner-h/#.Xp_GuC85TVo. Hawthorne, Tom. “Jimmy Claxton.” Society for American Baseball Research. Accessed April 26, 2020. https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/43c05f0c. Hensley, Victoria. What’s in Walnut Park? Reconnaissance Level Survey Final Report. Portland, OR: Restore Oregon, 2017. Hillier, Amy. “Residential Security Maps and Neighborhood Appraisals: The Home Owners' Loan Corporation and the Case of Philadelphia.” Social Science History 29, no. 2 (Summer 2005: 207-233. “Historic Black Newspapers of Portland: Oregon Mirror.” PDXScholar. Accessed November 4, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/oregonmirror/. “Historic Black Newspapers of Portland: Portland Challenger.” PDXScholar. Accessed November 4, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/portlandchallenger/. “Historic Black Newspapers of Portland: The Portland Inquirer.” PDXScholar. Accessed November 4, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/portlandinquirer/. “Historic Black Newspapers of Portland: Portland Times.” PDXScholar. Accessed September 26, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/portlandtimes/. Hogg, Thomas C. “Negroes and Their Institutions in Oregon.” Phylon (1960-) 30, no. 3 (1969): 272-285. Holland, M. Edward. “Oregon Civil Rights Litigation, 1964–1984.” Journal of the West 25 no. 4 (1986): 28-37. Horowitz, David A. “Social Morality and Personal Revitalization: Oregon’s Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 90, no. 4 (Winter 1989): 365-384. Hughes, Jena. Historical Context of Racist Planning: A History of How Planning Segregated Portland. Portland, OR: Bureau of Planning and Sustainability, 2019. “Irma Martin reminiscences of Vanport, Oregon [manuscript], undated.,” n.d., Coll. 442, Oregon Historical Society Research Library, Portland, OR. Isaksen, Judy L. “Resistive Radio: African Americans’ Evolving Portrayal and Participation from Broadcasting to Narrowcasting.” Journal of Popular Culture 45, no. 4 (August 2012): 749-768. Jackson, Symone. “‘What’s up with the young Black lawyers?’ Remembering Aaron Brown, Oregon’s first African American judge.” Beneficial State Foundation. February 28, 2018. https://beneficialstate.org/perspectives/remembering-aaron-brown-oregons-first-african-american-judge/. Jan, Tracy. “Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It’s still hurting minorities today.” The Washington Post. March 28, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/. Johnson, Ethan, and Felicia Williams. “Desegregation and Multiculturalism in the Portland Public Schools.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 111, no. 1 (Spring 2010): 6-37. Johnson, Steven Reed. “The Myth and Reality of Portland.” In The Portland Edge: Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities, edited by Connie P Ozawa, 102-117. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2004. Keehn, David C. Knights of the Golden Circle: Secret Empire, Southern Secession, Civil War. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana University Press, 2013. Kramer, George. “The Interstate Highway System in Oregon: A Historic Overview.” Prepared for the Oregon Department of Transportation, May 2020. “Ku Klux Klan.” The Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed December 8, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ku-Klux-Klan. Lane, Kris. Pillaging the Empire: Global Piracy on the High Seas, 1500-1750. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015. Lang, Melissa Cornelius. “‘A place under the sun’: African American Resistance to Housing Exclusion.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 119, no. 3 (Fall 2018): 365-375. Lansing, Jewel Beck. Portland: People, Politics, and Power, 1851-2001. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 2005. Lay, Shawn. The Invisible Empire in the West: Toward a New Historical Appraisal of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2004. Lee, Douglas. “Chinese Americans in Oregon.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified July 10, 2019. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/chinese_americans_in_oregon/#.XZujsW5FxaQ. Leeson, Fred. “Billy Webb Elks Lodge.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified March 17, 2018. https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/billy_webb_elks_lodge/#.XI8Xoi3MzLY. Liazos, Ariane and Marshall Ganz. “Duty to the Race: African American Fraternal Orders and the Legal Defense of the Right to Organize.” Social Science History 28, no. 3, Special Issue: African American Fraternal Associations of Civil Society in the United States (Fall 2004): 485-534. Lopez, Russ P. “Public Health, the APHA, and Urban Renewal.” American Journal of Public Health 99, no. 9 (September 2009): 1603-16011. MacColl, E. Kimbark, with Harry H. Stein. Merchants, Money, and Power: The Portland Establishment 1843-1914. Portland, OR: Georgian Press Company, 1988. Mallard, Natalie “Freedom Bank of Finance (1969-2000).” Black Past. August 20, 2018. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/freedom-bank-of-finance-1969-2000/. Mangun, Kimberley. “‘As Citizens of Portland We Must Protest’: Beatrice Morrow Cannady and the African American Response to D.W. Griffith’s ‘Masterpiece.’” Oregon Historical Quarterly 107, no. 3 (Fall, 2006): 382-409 Mangun, Kimberley. “A Force for Change: Beatrice Morrow Cannady's Program for Race Relations in Oregon, 1912-1936.” The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 96, no. 2 (Spring 2005): 69-75. March, Tanya Lyn. “Guild’s Lake Courts: An Impermanent Housing Project.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Portland State University, 2010. McClintock, Thomas. “James Saules, Peter Burnett, and the Oregon Black Exclusion Law of June 1844.” The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 86, no. 3 (Summer 1995): 121-130. McElderry, Stuart “Building a West Coast Ghetto: African American Housing in Portland, 1910-1960.” The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 92, no. 3 (Summer 2001). 137-148. McElderry, Stuart. “Vanport Conspiracy Rumors and Social Relations in Portland,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 99, no. 2 (Summer 1998): 134-163. McGregor, Michael. “The Dude Ranch.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified March 8, 2019. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/dude_ranch_the/#.Xe4Poi2ZPVo. McLagan, Elizabeth. Peculiar Paradise: A History of Blacks in Oregon, 1788-1940. Portland, OR: Georgian Press Company, 1980. McLagan, Elizabeth. “Sober, Industrious, and Honest.” In Reading Portland: The City in Prose, edited by John Trombold and Peter Donahue, 219-224. Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society Press. Mealey, Rich. “Albina Ministerial Alliance.” Black Past. Accessed November 11, 2019. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/albina-ministerial-alliance-ca-1964/. Merriam, Paul G. “The ‘Other Portland’: A Statistical Note on the Foreign-Born,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 80, no. 3 (Fall 1979): 258-268. Michals, Debra. "Madam C. J. Walker." National Women's History Museum. Accessed April 9, 2020. www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/madam-cj-walker. Millner, Darrell. “Blacks in Oregon.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified July 10, 2019. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/blacks_in_oregon/#.XcLw2ndFyUk. Millner, Darrell. “Oregon.” In Black America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1, edited by Alton Hornsby, Jr., 680-700. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, Inc., 2011. Millner, Darrell. “York (ca. 1770-?).” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified March 17, 2018. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/york/#.WrQN9YjwaUk. Mitchell, Bruce and Juan Franco. HOLC “Redlining” Maps: The Persistent Structure of Segregation and Economic Inequality. Washington, D.C.: National Community Reinvestment Coalition, 2018). Moreland, Kimberly, Julia Bunch Gisler, Jean Hester, Richard Bellinger, Susan Gregory, and Dora Asana. The History of Portland’s African American Community: 1805 to the Present. Portland, OR: City of Portland Planning Bureau, 1993. Moreland, Kimberly and Oregon Black Pioneers. African Americans of Portland. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2013. “Morris Thomas and Jane Snowden.” Oregon Secretary of State. Accessed April 25, 2020. https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/exhibits/black-history/Pages/families/thomas-snowden.aspx. Morrow, Robert G. Reports of Cases Decided in the Supreme Court of the State of Oregon, Volume 47. Salem, OR: J.R. Whitney State Printer, 1906. Mueller, Rich. “Consignment of the Week: 1916 Zeenuts Claxton a Piece of History.” Sports Collectors Daily. November 28, 2019. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/1916-zeenuts-claxton-a-piece-of-history/. Murdock, Rose M. and Patricia A. Schechter. “African-American Women: Biographies.” African-American Women and the Portland YWCA. Accessed June 18, 2019. http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/portywca/aawomen/aabios.htm. Nash, Lee M. “Scott of the ‘Oregonian’: The Editor as Historian.” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 70, no. 3 (September 1969): 197-232. National Register of Historic Places. Central Building/Public Library, Portland, Multnomah County, Oregon. National Register #79002129 National Register of Historic Places. Laurelhurst Historic District, Portland, Multnomah County, Oregon. National Register #100003462 National Register of Historic Places. Lewis and Elizabeth Van Vleet House, Portland, Multnomah County, Oregon. National Register #01000937. National Register of Historic Places. Otto and Verdell Rutherford House, Portland, Multnomah County, Oregon, National Register #14001076. National Register of Historic Places. Rinehart Building, Portland, Multnomah County, Oregon. National Register #13000982. National Register of Historic Places. Vancouver Avenue First Baptist Church, Portland, Multnomah County, Oregon. National Register #16000604 Nokes, R. Gregory. “Dangerous Subjects: A Look at the History of Oregon’s Exclusion Laws.” Oregon Humanities. Last modified August 9, 2013. https://oregonhumanities.org/rll/magazine/skin-summer-2013/dangerous-subjects/. O’Neal, Jennifer. “Bobby Robinson and Charles Williams: First African American Athletes at the University of Oregon.” Untold Stories: The Hidden History of the University of Oregon. Accessed April 26, 2020. https://hiddenhistory.uoregon.edu/items/show/2. Oliver, Gordon. “Kaiser Shipyards.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last updated May 1, 2019. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/kaiser_shipyards/#.Xcds6C-ZPox. “Oregon Journal.” The Oregon Historical Society. Accessed November 4, 2019. https://digitalcollections.ohs.org/oregon-journal. Ormsby, Margaret A. “Sir James Douglas.” The Canadian Encyclopedia. Last modified June 13, 2019. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-james-douglas. “Overlook Neighborhood Update (Jan. 8).” Overlook Neighborhood Association. January 8, 2018. https://overlookneighborhood.org/overlook-neighborhood-update-jan-8/#sons. Pearson, Rudy. “DeNorval Unthank (1899-1977).” Black Past. January 18, 2007. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/unthank-dr-denorval-1899-1977/. Pearson, Rudy. “’A Menace to the Neighborhood’: Housing and African Americans in Portland, 1941-45.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 102, no. 2 (2001): 158-179. “Peter Ranne of the Jedediah Strong Smith Party.” Online Nevada Encyclopedia. Accessed July 29, 2019. http://www.onlinenevada.org/articles/peter-ranne-jedediah-strong-smith-party. Peterson, Chris. “Carl Deiz – Oral History Interview.” Transcript of an oral history conducted May 30, 2012 by Chris Peterson. Oregon Multicultural Archives Oral History Collection, Portland, OR. http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/omeka/exhibits/show/multiculturalvoices/item/30716. Pilcher, William W. The Portland Longshoremen: A Dispersed Urban Community. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972. Podany, Zita. Vanport. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2016. Portland City Planning Commission. Central Albina Study: A Unit of the Portland Comprehensive Development Plan, November 1962. Portland, OR: Portland City Planning Commission, 1962. Portland State University Center for Population Research. 2000 and 2010 Comparison Profile: Census 2000 Geography, Multnomah County Census Tracts. Portland, OR: Portland State University Center for Population Research, 2010. “Portland’s Radio Days.” PDX History Accessed November 4, 2019. http://www.pdxhistory.com/html/portland_radio.html. Richard, K. Keith. “Unwelcome Settlers: Black and Mulatto Oregon Pioneers.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 84, no. 1 (Spring 1983): 29-55. Robbins, William G. “African Americans and Women Workers in World War II.” The Oregon History Project. Last modified 2014. https://oregonhistoryproject.org/narratives/this-land-oregon/oregon-in-depression-and-war-1925-1945/african-american-and-women-workers-in-world-war-ii/#.WrAbXOjwaUk. Robbins, Williams G. “Oregon Donation Land Act.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified February 21, 2019. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/oregon_donation_land_act/#.XT5l4i2ZPR0. Robbins, William G. “Railroads, Race, and the Transformation of Oregon.” The Oregon History Project. Last modified 2014. https://oregonhistoryproject.org/narratives/this-land-oregon/political-and-economic-culture-1870-1920/railroads-race-and-the-transformation-of-oregon/#.Xb34Yy-ZPVo. Robbins, William G. “Walter Pierce (1861-1954).” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified March 14, 2019. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/pierce_walter_1861_1954_/#.XOSxxy3MzLY. “Ron Herndon.” The Oregon History Project. Last modified March 17, 2018. https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/biographies/ron-herndon-biography/#.XPP6Ny2ZOt8. Roos, Roy. “Albina area (Portland).” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last updated March 17, 2018. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/albina_area_portland_/#.XbkyCC-ZPVp. Roth, Catherine. “The Coon Chicken Inn: North Seattle’s Beacon of Bigotry.” Last modified 2009. https://depts.washington.edu/civilr/coon_chicken.htm#ref3. Rozen-Wheeler, Adam. “Golden West Hotel Portland (1906-1931).” Black Past. Last modified March 26, 2017. https://www.blackpast.org/aaw/vignette_aahw/golden-west-hotel-portland-1906-1931/. Sanders, Richard. “Housing Authority of Portland.” Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified March 17, 2018. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/housing_authority_of_portland/#.XdoBVi-ZOCQ. Schechter, Patricia. “Avel Gordly, (1947-).” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified March 17, 2018. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/gordly_avel_1947_/#.XeLKay2ZPVo. Scott, Leslie M. “The Oregonian Newspaper in Oregon History.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 29, no. 3 (September 1928): 225-235. Serbulo, Leanne. “Small Steps on the Long Journey to Equality: A Timeline of Post-Legislation Civil Rights Struggles in Portland.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 119, no. 3 (Fall 2018): 376-399. Serbulo, Leanne C. and Karen J. Gibson. “Black and Blue: Police-Community Relations in Portland’s Albina District, 1964-1985.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 114, no. 1 (Spring 2013): 6-37. Skocpol, Theda and Jennifer Lynn Oser. “Organization Despite Adversity: The Origins and Development of African American Fraternal Associations.” Social Science History 28, no. 3, Special Issue: African American Fraternal Associations and the History of Civil Society in the United States (Fall 2004): 367-437. Smith, Alonzo and Quintard Taylor. “Racial Discrimination in the Workplace: A Study of Two West Coast Cities During the 1940s.” The Journal of Ethnic Studies 8, no. 1 (1980): 35-54. Smith, Stacey L. “Oregon’s Civil War: The Troubled Legacy of Emancipation in the Pacific Northwest.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 115, no. 2 (Summer 2014): 154-173. Smith, J. Clay Jr. Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. Stein, Harry H. “The Oregonian.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Last modified March 17, 2019. https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/oregonian/#.Xb8DrndFxPY. Stone, Jason. “Historic Oregon Newspapers: Portland New Age.” University of Oregon Libraries. Accessed September 26, 2019. https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/history/newage/. Stone, Jason. “Historic Oregon Newspapers: Portland Oregonian.” University of Oregon Libraries. Accessed November 3, 2019. https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/history/Oregonian. Strausbaugh, John. Black Like You: Blackface, Whiteface, Insult & Imitation in American Popular Culture. New York, NY: The Penguin Group, 2007. Taylor, Quintard. “African American Men i